A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses light beams by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses elements, usually arranged along a common axis. Mathematical methods and problemsolving tools for introductory physics book home. Electron beams, lenses, and optics, volume i deals with the physics of electron beams, lenses, and optics and covers topics ranging from the paraxial ray in symmetrical electric fields to the analytical determination of electrostatic fields. This introductory, algebrabased, twosemester college physics book is grounded with realworld examples, illustrations, and explanations to help students grasp key, fundamental physics concepts. Optical bench carriages 4 lens holders 2 screen holders 2 two converging achromatic lenses with focal lengths of about 6 cm and cm. Lecture 18 geometric optics ii thin lenses unm physics and. Common vision defects are easy to understand, and some are simple to correct. They should try to describe any images they form in terms of magnification, upright or inverted, real or virtual. The need for some type of vision correction is very common. Mississippi state university department of physics and astronomy ph1011 3. Although, advance level mathematics is not required. Jonathan is a published author and recently completed a book on physics and applied mathematics. With each of your lenses try to form a real image of a bright scene such as what you see through a window.
The general properties of electrostatic lenses and the electrostatic immersion lens are also considered. In order to verify the theoretical relation given in eq. Nearsightedness, or myopia, is the inability to see distant objects clearly while close objects are clear. Lecture notes optics pdf 57p this note covers the following topics. The main development of the book begins in chapter 1 with. That is, light rays from one point on the object actually cross at the location of the image and can be projected onto a screen, a piece of film, or the retina of an eye, for example. This manual, along with the others in the electromechanical technology series, is the result of six years of research and development by terc, a national nonprofit, public service corporation with headquarters in cambridge, massachusetts. We will instead spend most of this book making use of a simpler model of light, the ray model, which does a fine job in most practical situations. Ncert solutions for class 12 physics chapter 9 ray optics and optical instruments. The same sort of rules apply, just with a few modifications.
If it is too dark to get an image from outside, form an image of a light in the room. Very helpful for those who want a broad knowledge of physics. Detailing design methods for a variety of lens forms, this book shows that fixed focus and zoom lenses can be optimized, starting from planeparallel surfaces, in a brief time on a modern fast pc compared to traditional tools. Image formation by lenses physics simple book production. For webquest or practice, print a copy of this quiz at the physics. Lenses remembering the basics of mirrors puts you half ways towards fully understanding lenses as well. This, too, i shall ignore, except for a brief foray in section 2. Unified physics optics electromechanical technology series. It requires knowledge of algebra and some trigonometry, but not calculus. By making the book available in these various media at a cost ranging from free to cheap, i enable the text can be used by students all over the world where each student can. This section contains free e books and guides on optics, some of the resources in this section can be viewed online and some of them can be downloaded. This book presents an indepth look at lenses free of spherical aberrations and is provided using illustrative examples. Lenses and depth of field prepared by behzad sajadi. The focus of convex lenses is where rays parallel to principal axis go.
Automatic and quasiautonomous computational methods and techniques is the first book that interactively describes the newest modern lens design tools. On the diagram below use raytracing to show the image formed by the lens. This incisive text provides a basic undergraduatelevel course in modern optics for students in physics, technology and engineering. Apr 10, 2020 lenses are found in a huge array of optical instruments, ranging from a simple magnifying glass to a cameras zoom lens to the eye itself. Distances from lenses to imaginary objects and imaginary images are negative. Lenses concave and convex apparatus selection of lenses, collimated light source, e.
It just ends up being the same as for spherical mirrors. This book will be of interest to students, practitioners, and researchers in physics. Mirrors, like lenses, can also form images that in turn are captured by your eye. Figure 8 shows how such an image would be projected onto film by a camera lens. College physics includes learning objectives, concept questions, links to labs and simulations, and ample practice opportunities for traditional physics application problems. Introductory physics ii electricity, magnetism and optics by robertg. Brown duke university physics department durham, nc 277080305. The table summarizes the three types of images formed by single thin lenses. It is freely available in its entirety in a downloadable pdf form or to be read online at. They should try to describe any images they form in terms of magnification, upright or inverted, real or. The book is intended for alevel courses which is an ukbased syllabus, but it can be adapted for suitable needs. Physics lenses are curved glasses or transparent materials. Detailing design methods for a variety of lens forms, this book shows that fixed focus and zoom lenses can be optimized, starting from planeparallel surfaces, in a brief time on a modern fast pc compared to traditional tools that. Check our section of free e books and guides on optics now.
As all who have ever tried lens and mirror calculations know, the biggest difficulty. This book is an algebra based treatment of electric force, electrical energy, circuits, magnetism, faradays law, light and optics, introduction to modern physics, atomic physics and nuclear physics. A brief history of contact lenses article pdf available in human and veterinary medicine 31. Keep in mind that for an object to be considered a lens it must be made of a transparent material. Lenses in optics applications types of lenses physics. In this chapter, you will study reflection and refraction of light, mirror formula, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibers, thin lens formula, lens makers formula, the concept of. This physics textbook is designed to support my personal teaching activities at duke university, in particular teaching its physics 141142, 151152, or 161162 series introductory physics for life science majors, engineers, or potential physics majors, respectively. Smart phone with camera or webcam support ring for phone. A lens is conventionally defined as a piece of glass which is used to focus or change the direction of a beam of light passing through it. Physics notes form 4 free download kcse revision notes pdf. The focal length, f, is the distance between f and the lens. Lens are used in making spectacles, cameras, cinema projectors, microscopes and telescopes.
Fortunately, modern physics has explained how these interpretations are in fact compatible. Geometric optics light from this page or screen is formed into an image by the lens of your eye, much as the lens of the camera that made this photograph. Free parameters lens curvature, width, position, type of glass some can be fixed, other vary with focal length, focus e. Discover the best optics for physics in best sellers. An object is placed at a distance of 80 cm from a converging lens with a focal length of 30 cm. The text is designed for upperlevel undergraduate students with a physics background. Keep in mind that for an object to be considered a lens it must be made of a transparent material that has an index of refraction higher than air. It is shown in most basic books on optics see references listed at end of this module that image. Hold your lens between the screen and the scene to get a real image. Members of the openstax community can join the hub to share resources theyve created to use with our physics book, like the reading guides below. Lenses are found in a huge array of optical instruments, ranging from a simple magnifying glass to the eye to a cameras zoom lens. Free optics books download ebooks online textbooks tutorials. From the manual of photography from the canon red book.
Study conceptual physics online free by downloading openstaxs college physics textbook and using our. The first half of the book deals with classical physical optics. These release notes cover the errata updates in our most recent summer pdf release. Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic, and are ground and polished or molded to a desired shape. In this chapter, you will study reflection and refraction of light, mirror formula, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibers, thin lens formula, lens makers formula, the concept of magnification, the combination of thin lenses. A good knowledge of basicphysics and some wellrounded mathematics is recommended. The density would be the same in all directions radial. A lens is a curved piece of glass or plastic designed to refract light in a specific. Lenses are found in a huge array of optical instruments, ranging from a simple magnifying glass to the eye to a cameras. Lenses are found in a huge array of optical instruments, ranging from a simple magnifying glass to a cameras zoom lens to the eye itself. Lenses lenses refract light in such a way that an image of the light source is formed. The eye overconverges the nearly parallel rays from a distant object, and the rays cross in front of. Brown physics textbooks introductory physics i and ii a lecture note style textbook series intended to support the teaching of introductory physics, with calculus, at a level suitable for duke undergraduates.
In this section, we will use the law of refraction to explore the properties of lenses and how they form images. Download complete pdf book, the epub book or the kindle book. This book is creative commons attribution license 4. Lenses and depth of field university of california, irvine. These are free to download and to share with others provided credit is shown. Light parallel to the principal axis a converges toward f after reflection from a concave mirror, and b diverges from f after reflection from a convex mirror.
In this section, we use the snells law to explore the properties of lenses and how they form images. Find the top 100 most popular items in amazon books best sellers. Unified physics optics electromechanical technology. Mathematical principles behind lenses free of spherical aberration are included with an introduction to set theory, the conics, continuity, real analysis and topology. Introduction to lenses 10th class physics chapter 12. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material while compound lenses consist of several simple lenses arranged along with a common axis. Kids learn about lenses and light in the science of physics including concave, convex, converging, diverging, focal point, meniscus, and plano lenses. The image formed in figure 7 is a real image, meaning that it can be projected.
With a converging lens, paraxial rays that are parallel to the principal axis converge to the focal point, f. All downloads are covered by a creative commons license. This online, fully editable and customizable title includes learning objectives, concept questions, links to labs and simulations, and ample practice opportunities to solve traditional physics. All the questions on this quiz are based on information that can be found at physics.
Alevel physics, section thermal physics, 6 chapters, 34 pages, 1. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without. Each of a lens two faces is part of asphere and can be convex or concave if a lens is thicker at the center than theedges, it is a convex, or converging, lenssince parallel rays will be converged tomeet at the focus. Illustrate the formation of images using the technique of ray tracking. The book presents several physical effects and properties of materials used in lasers and electrooptics in the first chapter and, in the three remaining chapters, applications of lasers and electrooptics in three different areas are presented. A lens is conventionally defined as a piece of glass which is used to focus or change the direction of a beam of light passing through it they are mainly made of glass or plastic. The text is grounded in realworld examples to help students grasp fundamental physics concepts.
Not only that, but we will even backtrack a little and start with a discussion of basic ideas about light and vision that predated the discovery of electromagnetic waves. Convex lenses, geometrical optics from alevel physics tutor. That is, they bring parallel rays of light to a focus, producing a real image. Lenses lenses are made of transparentmaterials, like glass or plastic. Pdf a brief history of contact lenses researchgate. Introduction to modern optics dover books on physics. Large square image screen, small round image screen. Refraction and the ray model of light lesson 5 image formation by lenses.
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